username@hostname:~$

pwd

/home/username

ls                    # Basic listing
ls -l                 # Detailed listing (long format)
ls -la                # Include hidden files (starting with .)
ls -lh                # Human-readable file sizes
ls /path/to/directory # List specific directory

ls -la ~/Documents    # List all files in Documents folder
ls -lh *.txt         # List only .txt files with sizes
ls -lt               # Sort by modification time (newest first)

cd /home/username/Documents  # Go to specific path
cd Documents                 # Go to Documents (relative path)
cd ..                       # Go up one directory
cd ../..                    # Go up two directories
cd ~                        # Go to home directory
cd -                        # Go to previous directory
cd                          # Go to home directory (shortcut)

mkdir new_folder              # Create single directory
mkdir -p path/to/nested/dirs  # Create nested directories
mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3         # Create multiple directories

touch newfile.txt            # Create empty file
touch file1.txt file2.txt    # Create multiple files

cp file.txt backup.txt       # Copy file
cp file.txt ~/Documents/     # Copy to different directory
cp -r folder/ backup_folder/ # Copy directory recursively
cp *.txt ~/backup/          # Copy all .txt files

mv oldname.txt newname.txt   # Rename file
mv file.txt ~/Documents/     # Move file to directory
mv folder/ ~/backup/         # Move directory

rm file.txt                  # Remove file
rm -r directory/            # Remove directory recursively
rm -f file.txt              # Force remove (no confirmation)
rm -rf directory/           # Force remove directory
rm *.tmp                    # Remove all .tmp files

cat file.txt                # Display entire file
cat file1.txt file2.txt     # Display multiple files
cat > newfile.txt           # Create file with content (Ctrl+D to save)

less largefile.txt          # View file page by page
more largefile.txt          # Similar to less (older version)

head file.txt               # Show first 10 lines
head -n 5 file.txt          # Show first 5 lines
tail file.txt               # Show last 10 lines
tail -n 20 file.txt         # Show last 20 lines
tail -f logfile.txt         # Follow file changes (great for logs)

grep "search_term" file.txt         # Search for text in file
grep -i "search_term" file.txt      # Case-insensitive search
grep -r "search_term" directory/    # Search recursively in directory
grep -n "search_term" file.txt      # Show line numbers
grep "^start" file.txt              # Lines starting with "start"
grep "end$" file.txt                # Lines ending with "end"

wc file.txt                 # Count lines, words, characters
wc -l file.txt              # Count only lines
wc -w file.txt              # Count only words
wc -c file.txt              # Count only characters

date                        # Current date and time
date +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"   # Custom format

whoami                      # Current username

uname -a                    # All system information
uname -r                    # Kernel version
uname -m                    # Machine hardware

df -h                       # Show disk space (human-readable)
du -h directory/            # Show directory size
du -sh *                    # Show size of all items in current directory

man ls                      # Show manual for ls command
man -k search_term          # Search for commands related to term

ls --help                   # Quick help for ls command
grep --help                 # Quick help for grep command

history                     # Show command history
history | grep "search"     # Search command history
!123                        # Run command number 123 from history
!!                          # Run last command
!grep                       # Run last command starting with "grep"

# Navigate to your home directory
cd ~

# List all files including hidden ones
ls -la

# Create a practice directory
mkdir linux_practice

# Enter the directory
cd linux_practice

# Create some test files
touch file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt

# Create a subdirectory
mkdir subdirectory

# Copy a file to the subdirectory
cp file1.txt subdirectory/

# List the contents
ls -la subdirectory/

# Create a file with content
echo "Hello, Linux!" > greeting.txt

# Display the content
cat greeting.txt

# Append more content
echo "This is my first Linux file." >> greeting.txt

# Display the updated content
cat greeting.txt

# Count lines and words
wc greeting.txt

# Create a file with multiple lines
cat > fruits.txt << EOF
apple
banana
cherry
date
elderberry
fig
grape
EOF

# Search for fruits containing 'a'
grep "a" fruits.txt

# Count total lines
wc -l fruits.txt

# Show only the first 3 fruits
head -n 3 fruits.txt

ls -la | grep "\.txt"       # List only .txt files
cat file.txt | grep "search" | wc -l  # Count matching lines
history | tail -n 10        # Show last 10 commands
ls -la | sort -k 5 -n       # Sort files by size

# Navigation
pwd           # Show current directory
ls -la        # List all files with details
cd directory  # Change to directory
cd ..         # Go up one level
cd ~          # Go to home directory

# File Operations
mkdir name    # Create directory
touch file    # Create empty file
cp src dest   # Copy file/directory
mv src dest   # Move/rename file/directory
rm file       # Remove file
rm -r dir     # Remove directory

# Viewing Files
cat file      # Display file content
less file     # View file page by page
head file     # Show first 10 lines
tail file     # Show last 10 lines
grep text file # Search for text in file

# System Info
whoami        # Current user
date          # Current date/time
df -h         # Disk space
man command   # Manual for command